Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• to multiplying or dividing the growth rate by 5). In other words, this means that this comparison with the experiment cannot be used to validate any model parameters but demonstrates the relevance of the proposed procedure to estimate the σN from the experiments. Nevertheless, it has to be noted that

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• the pore openings of the PAAO [16]. An influence of PAAO thickness variation in the range from 500 nm to 5 μm on biosensor performance using gold-capped PAAO has been reported [17]. Usually, the PAAO thickness is determined by the anodization time and growth rate. Although the thickness accuracy can

• be improved by slow anodization at low temperatures [18], because of the spontaneous nature of oxide formation at the initial phase of PAAO growth, process timing alone cannot guarantee the desired outcome. Furthermore, the growth rate of the PAAO can be influenced by other factors, including local

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• . As aforementioned, we attribute the size reduction, at least in part, to a more efficient carbon removal at higher currents. The same applies to the observed reduction in thickness with increasing beam current. However, the reduction of volume growth rate per dose at higher currents and the thickness

• that the higher background water content in the HV experiments influences the composition of the deposits. Electron-induced secondary reactions, on the other hand, may play a role, especially as the growth rate of the deposits are comparatively low, and correspondingly the electron exposure of each

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• , correspondingly, the maximum growth rate, the dependence of GPC on the SnI4 evaporation temperature was examined. One can see in Figure 1 that the film GPC considerably increased with the evaporation temperature up to approximately 82 °C. Hence, the SnI4 evaporation temperature was set at 83 °C for further

Low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt using dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne as precursor

• Mathias Franz,
• Mahnaz Safian Jouzdani,
• Lysann Kaßner,
• Marcus Daniel,
• Frank Stahr and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 951–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.78

• contamination [16]. Thermal ALD processes operate usually at temperatures higher than 150 °C [17][18][19][20][21]. Characteristic for ALD processes, the growth rate is mainly independent of the substrate temperature in a specific temperature range, often denominated as ALD window. Within this range, the

• deposition is determined by the self-limiting behaviour of surface adsorption, and the reaction is completed in the second half cycle with an additional reactant. Therefore, the growth rate is nearly independent of the cycle time. The upper limit for this self-limiting growth is usually the thermal

• )6HC≡CC5H11] and H2 plasma The CVD experiments showed that the window for temperature-independent depositions in ALD mode can be expected at temperatures below 125 °C, as it was assumed from the temperature-dependent growth rate measurements (Figure 3). We performed a set of deposition experiments for

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• cm−3 to 2.5 × 1019 cm−3. The first part of the structure was used to measure the growth rate of the non-intentionally doped InP layers (InP:nid) at surface temperatures of 600 and 640 °C. The reflectance signal, monitored with an in situ Laytec EpiCurve TT tool, did not show any difference between

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• layers, calculations of the layer growth rate as a function of time for the MS method and the number of laser pulses for the PLD method were performed. In the next step, we calculated the number of laser pulses necessary to deposit by PLD Ag layers with a thickness comparable to Ag layers deposited using

• growth rate of the Ag layer per laser pulse, affecting the size and shape of the formed silver nanostructures. Only the number of laser pulses was changed to obtain Ag layers of different thicknesses, and the temperature of the substrates was varied to change the morphology of the deposited Ag layers (RT

• process on GaN platforms and flat Si substrates. In the case of PLD, based on the results of the Ag layer thickness measurement on additional Si reference samples prepared in the first stage of the research, the Ag layer growth rate per 1000 pulses was calculated. Using the growth rate obtained this way

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• °C which decreases to 1.5 Å/cycle at 135 °C. It was assumed that this drop could be related to the desorption of unreacted TiCl4 species at 135 °C. In addition, it was proposed that the reduction in growth rate could also be caused by the desorption of Ti(–O(CH2)2O–)2 species or double reactions of

• ) and EG (4.0 Å/cycle at 85 °C to 0.4 Å/cycle at 175 °C) [18] and zincone films grown using diethylzinc (DEZ) and EG (4.0 Å/cycle at 90 °C to 0.25 Å/cycle at 170 °C) [21]. For TiCl4–GL films the growth rate was 2.8 Å/cycle at 130 °C and it decreased to 2.1 Å/cycle at 210 °C. The thickness of TiCl4–GL

• significant drawback [38]. Fumaric acid (FC) is another alcohol organic precursor that was used to deposit titanicone films using TiCl4 on an Si substrate in a temperature range of 180 °C to 350 °C. A temperature-dependent growth characteristic was observed with the growth rate decreasing from 1.10 Å/cycle at

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• shape of the resulting structures on an Ag surface. In addition, we investigate how the nitrogen plasma cleaning procedure of a vacuum chamber can affect the growth of these structures. A beam current of around 40 pA resulted in the fastest structure growth rate. By increasing the beam diameter and

• angle of incidence the growth rate decreased; however, by raising the beam focus up to 5–6 μm above the surface the growth rate increased. Vacuum chamber cleaning reduced structure growth rate for a few hours. These findings can help to better control and optimise the growth of nanostructures on metal

• ][25]. It should be noted that the growth rate of carbon layers under EB irradiation is also affected by the types of hydrocarbon molecules present in the vacuum chamber [26]. Normally, the deposition of carbon via focused EB irradiation is viewed as a simple addition of mass to the irradiated area

Hierachical epicuticular wax coverage on leaves of Deschampsia antarctica as a possible adaptation to severe environmental conditions

• Elena V. Gorb,
• Iryna A. Kozeretska and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.71

• equipped for the successful scattering of strong radiation. Experimental studies with altered levels of UV-B radiation and D. antarctica showed no significant effect of enhanced or reduced radiation on the relative growth rate and leaf photosynthesis of the plants [40]. Moisture, being one of the most

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• photochemical reduction [32], pulsed laser-induced photolysis [38], or controlled decoration with Ag NPs using an electroless plating technique [44]. Photochemical synthesis permits the control of nucleation and growth rate without using organic additives. Xu et al. employed laser irradiation of ZnO nanorods in

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• stronger with the immersion time, the dissolution becomes slower, and the growth rate of the outer layer decreases. In NaCl solution, the friction coefficient of the outer layer is constant at a value smaller than that of the outer layer in phosphate buffer after long immersion. During immersion, the outer

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• (Figure 8a). Moreover, the tumor growth rate was monitored to analyze the phototherapeutic efficacy, and the results are presented in Figure 8b. The complete elimination of the tumor in the mice treated with G-TiO2−x-TPP+NIR was noticed, whereas mice treated with physiological saline, G-TiO2−x-TPP, or NIR

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• as gas-phase scattering is minimized. The film deposition rate, lying typically in the range of several nanometers per minute, is therefore higher compared to non-magnetized sputtering discharges. Here a remark should be made: While the film growth rate is usually expressed in units of thickness per

• electron microscopy (TEM), it was shown that the Au sol formation process consists of an induction period followed by a rapid increase in the number of particles, followed by a linear increase, followed by a rapid decrease in the growth rate. In other words, the typical kinetic curve has a sigmoidal S

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• nanostructures. The analysis of the simulation results provides spatially resolved relative metal content, height, and growth rate of the deposits, which represents valuable reference data for the experimental characterization of the nanostructures grown by FEBID. Keywords: focused electron beam-induced

• the output of MD simulations [20]. In a pioneering study [13], IDMD was successfully applied for the simulation of FEBID of W(CO)6 precursors on a SiO2 surface and enabled to predict the morphology, molecular composition, and growth rate of tungsten-based nanostructures emerging on the surface during

• nanostructure growth rate. The chemical composition and geometry of both the precursor and the substrate are specified using the standard .pdb or .xyz file formats. Atomic coordinates for many different precursor molecules can be found in online databases, for example, the NIST Chemistry WebBook (https

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• growth rate as can be seen from the dependence of the average current density (javer) and the Cu growth rate on the deposition potential (Table 1). To determine the Cu electrodeposition conditions leading to the highest length uniformity, the first segment with much longer length than the supposed recess

• metal for the second segment. The low concentration of Au(I) electroactive species in the electrolyte results in a low current density (javer ≈ 0.6 mA·cm−2 for Ed = −1.0 V) and a low metal growth rate of 3.5 µm·h−1. As a consequence, complete pore filling in the used AAO template requires ca. 14 h. Such

• growth rate of the third Cu segments due to the contribution of diffusion current. Thus, an increase in the fraction of active nanoelectrodes could be achieved under kinetic control of electrodeposition process, which requires lower overpotentials [24][26] and/or lower electrolyte temperatures [30][31

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• 40% with growth velocities of 0.3 to 0.5 nm/min (Figure 7). Since tubule 4 only grew until minute 21, the growth rate of tubule 4 was determined only for this period. After that, the height of the tubule decreased. The first AFM images of the investigation of ß-diketone recrystallization on glass

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• substitutions on deposit composition and growth rate indicates that the most suitable organic ligand for the gold precursor is triazole-based, with the best deposit composition of 15 atom % gold, while the most suitable anionic ligand is the trifluoromethyl group, leading to a growth rate of 1 × 10−2 nm3/e

• ]. Although many different ligand architectures of gold organometallic complexes were tested as FEBID gold precursors, the effect of different substitutions in the core structure of the molecule on the composition and growth rate of deposits is still largely unexplored. Such studies may reveal groups or

• -heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes on the growth rate and composition of deposits. The precursors that were synthesized had the general formula Au(NHC)X, and the effect of the variation of both the NHC ligand and the ancillary ligand X (X = Cl, Br, I, CF3) (Figure 1) was studied. Because the sublimation

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• growth rate and development [116]. Li et al. [116] showed that low concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs) enhance larval body growth and feeding efficiency. Silkworm larvae fed with 5 or 10 mg/L of TiO2 NPs (with sizes in the range of 5–6 nm) improved the ingestion and digestibility of mulberry leaves

• development of larger testes and ovaries when compared with the control group. Pandiarajan et al. reported that the exposure of silkworm larvae to 1 ppm of Ag NPs improved the larval growth rate and the cocoon weight when compared to silkworms exposed to 10 and 100 ppm of Ag NPs. It was also indicated that

• concentrations of Ag NPs greater than 800 mg/L improved the growth rate of silkworms, it also resulted in silkworm death [122]. Similar reports indicated that although increasing concentrations of Ag NPs positively reflected on the bodyweight of the silkworm, the exposure to Ag NPs caused adverse effects on

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and compared to the composition of deposits from MeCpPtMe3, as well as deposits made in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) environment. A slight increase in metal content and a higher growth rate are achieved in the SEM for deposits from Pt(CO)2Cl2 compared

• to MeCpPtMe3. However, deposits made from Pt(CO)2Br2 show slightly less metal content and a lower growth rate compared to MeCpPtMe3. With both Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2, a marked difference in composition was found between deposits made in the SEM and deposits made in UHV. In addition to Pt, the UHV

• for the largest pillars). The decreasing growth rate (here defined as the increase in height per incident electron, that is, the slope of the curves in Figure 5a) with increasing dose indicates that the growth is still limited by the precursor supply for both precursors, but more so for Pt(CO)2Cl2 [4

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• reduction in the microbial growth rate of Lactobacillus plantarum for up to 112 days of storage [112]. Star-like ZnO NPs were synthesized by the facile molten salt method and used to prepare synthetic nanocomposites with 2 or 4 wt % of ZnO NP load. Nanocomposites with 4 wt % of ZnO NPs exhibited the best

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• reach a value of $9.5 billion USD by 2024, resulting in a compound annual growth rate of 13.2% during 2019–2024 [1]. Especially in the transport industry, fuel cells are expected to play a significant economic and ecological role when it comes to environmentally friendly energy production due to their

• properties of the support Figure 4 shows the influence of the carrier gas flow rate (a), pressure (b), and substrate temperature (c) on the CNW morphology. The wall density, as well as the growth rate, was found to increase with increasing gas flow rate, decreasing pressure and increasing substrate